TB-500 source bibliography

Dose response and exposure

Morris and colleagues’ rat stroke dose-response study is the starting point for this site. The intravenous healthy-volunteer study describes human exposure to full-length thymosin beta-4, while the chronic mdx mouse experiment tests muscle and cardiac function. Each makes a different comparison.

The rat study frustrates my wish for a tidy repair story. The larger tested amount gave no significant benefit. That fact deserves to remain attached to the positive lower-dose result.

Molecules and tissues

The actin-complex structure, equine TB-500 analysis and preparation-characterization study address different aspects of substance identity and action. The wound, cardiac and follicle papers extend the parent-protein record across tissues. The tumor-metastasis study and pancreatic cancer-cell study explain the preclinical safety concern.

The complete audited citations are listed below, including their original titles and identifiers. A paper's title can use broader language than the particular result discussed in an article.

FDA documents

The FDA safety-risk page with the withdrawn nomination, 503A bulk-substance framework and July 2026 advisory-committee agenda support the legal-status discussion. The dates retained in the citations describe the recorded FDA material; they supply no date for an unannounced removal decision or an unpublished committee vote.